• invading nearby tissue
• Haematogenous spread
• Lymphatic spread
• Transcoelomic spread - spread of a primary tumour through the peritoneal cavity and onto the surface of organs covered by the peritoneum
• Canalicular spread - metastasis along the anatomical canalicular spaces (bile ducts, airways, urinary tract and subarachnoid space)
• tumour seeding - rare situation in which the malignant cells are dislodged durign biopsy or surgical intervention - allowing migration to other sites