Lesions in the mouth are fairly common presentations in the community and are often non-sinister; however, certain cases may need further investigations and treatment. Non-infective causes of mouth ulcers are prevalent, and in a few patients may be associated with systemic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease or coeliac disease.
White patches in the mouth are most commonly caused by a fungal infection with Candida; leucoplakia is a generic way to describe white patches found in the mouth.
Treatment is with a course of oral anti-fungal agents such as fluconazole.
Hairy leucoplakia is a benign condition that does not in itself require any treatment, but may lead to medical and psychological issues for the patient given the likely underlying condition. It is caused by Epstein-Barr virus, and is suggestive of underlying HIV infection.
Common deficiencies causing oral ulcers include iron, vitamin B12 and folate, which all lead to anaemia. Crohn's disease can also cause painful oral ulcers.
Iron deficiency causes glossitis (inflammation of the tongue) and angular cheilitis (crusting and redness of the corners of the mouth).