Defined as excess circulating blood volume, more than the heart can cope with

Causes

• Iatrogenic - blood transfusions, IV fluids
• HF - backup of fluid
• AKI - Failure of kidneys to excrete fluid
• SIADH

Clinical features

• Pulmonary oedema
• Raised JVP
• peripheral oedema
• hepatomegaly
• HTN
• weight gain

Biochemical Features

• ↓Sodium (only significant if there is clinical evidence of fluid overload)